主要分為兩種Evalulation first, or Evaluation when needed

Evalulation Argunment first

Call-By-Value

最common 的做法，先計算parameter 的value，然後把value copy 進function內 不會影響出面的數值

{% codeblock lang:cpp %} #include

using namespace std;

void addOne(int n){ n = n + 1; }

int main(){ int x = 5; cout << "before function is called: " << x << endl; addOne(x); cout << "after function is called: " << x << endl;

return 0;

}

Output: before function is called: 5 after function is called: 5

{% endcodeblock %}

Call-By-Reference

把呼叫者(caller)的variable 直接在function內使用, 但叫第二個名字（Reference) 可以有side effect 出面的數值

{% codeblock lang:cpp %} #include

using namespace std;

void addOne(int &n){ n = n + 1; }

int main(){ int x = 5; cout << "before function is called: " << x << endl; addOne(x); cout << "after function is called: " << x << endl;

return 0;

}

Output: before function is called: 5 after function is called: 6

{% endcodeblock %}

Evaluation Argunment when needed

Call-By-Name

用的時侯才把parameter evaluate 在passing as parameter是產生closure (enclosing environement) 裝著evaluation所需的variable

以下add function 中的n 是call-by-name的， n 是array(index), 當中的index 是記憶著上面的index

{% codeblock %} object CallByName { var array = Array(0, 1, 2, 3) var index = 0 // 這是closure 內的variable

def add(n: => Int) : Int = { return n; }

def callAdd() = { add(array(index)) // 我連著上面的 index !! }

}

defined object CallByName

scala> CallByName.callAdd res2: Int = 0 {% endcodeblock %}

所以如果closure 內的variable數值被外內改變 會影響evaluation的結果 {% codeblock %} object CallByName { var array = Array(0, 1, 2, 3) var index = 0

def add(n: => Int) : Int = { index = 1; // 改變了closure 內的variable 數值 return n; }

def callAdd() = { add(array(index)) }

}

defined object CallByName

scala> CallByName.callAdd res3: Int = 1 {% endcodeblock %}

改變local variable 是沒有作用的 {% codeblock %} object CallByName { var array = Array(0, 1, 2, 3) var index = 0

def add(n: => Int) : Int = { var index = 1; // 這不是closure內的variable return n; }

def callAdd() = { add(array(index)) }

}

defined object CallByName

scala> CallByName.callAdd res2: Int = 0

{% endcodeblock %}

Clousre in Javascript

利用javascript 達成類似call-by-name的效果

{% codeblock lang:js %} function CallByName(){ var array = [0, 1, 2, 3]; var index = 0;

this.add = function(f){
    index = 1;
    return f();
}

this.callAdd = function(){
    return this.add(function(){
        return array[index];
    });
}

}

var callByName = new CallByName(); console.log(callByName.callAdd()); // 1 {% endcodeblock %}

Call-By-Need

Call-By-Name + memorized the evaluation result, evalute argunment 後把結果儲起來 就算之後改變argunment也不會影響evaluation的結果

Call-By-Text

類似Call-By-Name ，但passing as parameter時沒有closure 裝著所需的variable 到evaluation 時才找所需的variable

個人認為javascript內的eval 是類似效果？ {% codeblock lang:js %}

function CallByText(){ var array = [0, 1, 2, 3]; var index = 0;

this.add = function(n){
    var index = 1;
    return eval(n);
}

this.callAdd = function(){
    return this.add('array[index]');
}

}

var callByText = new CallByText(); console.log(callByText.callAdd());

{% endcodeblock %}